Movie reivew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Movie reivew - Essay Example This paper will analyze the episode that is titled Secrets of the Koran which is a part of the show that called Decoding the Past. To begin with, it would be quite important to provide an accurate account of the major themes of the Quran as they were presented in the episode. The first one that was mentioned in the chronological order is the desire to achieve the social justice. Indeed, at the present moment the people who actually comprise the intended audience of this show consider Islam to be a religion that almost enshrined the social inequality as well as oppression of women. However, the episode suggests that from the very beginning Islam was aimed at the groups of people who dominated the society and did not allow it to develop in the proper manner. In addition to that, a considerable number of scholars would prove that one of the highest virtues of Islam is closely connected to social justice (Gorder 20). Another interesting theme that was emphasized in the video is the war and violence in the Quran. The producers claim that a certain part of this sacred book is largely dedicated to fighting. Indeed, there are some verses which are called sword verses that clearly dictate a true Muslim how they should treat an enemy: fearlessly and fiercely in fight and mercifully after it (Smith and Furnish 77). In spite of that, the above mentioned verses are often recited without any context and they are thought to be aimed at the rest of humanity. The authors of the video suggest that this can be easily explained by the historical context in which the book was written: the newly founded city of the early Muslims was under attack of a powerful enemy and the conflict was primarily triggered by the differences in faith. The next theme of the Quran that was reviewed in the movie is the theological foundation of this religion,

The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay

The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Criminology Essay Critically analyse the assertion that; Young people are framed as perpetrators, but rarely considered as victims, and it is the latter that is needed. tABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The twentieth anniversary of James Bulgers death was observed on 12th February 2013. The kidnapping from a shopping mall in Bootle (Merseyside), and murdering of the two-year-old, established an entirely fresh precedent on the way in which juveniles are treated within the Criminal Justice System.  [1]  Due to the following moral panic, the case received too much public intention, which converted into a movement that commanded Robert Thompson and Jon Venables to be imprisoned forever.  [2]  This provided justification to the policy changes, which quickly assisted in reducing the age of criminal accountability to ten. The possibility that children could be victims themselves was disregarded. This essay will demonstrate the role of the media and the justice model in framing the youth in categories that assist in promoting popular thinking regarding a delinquent through prevailing social values, attitudes, and beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[that] change slowly over time andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reshape what people think and believe.  [3]  In essence, the youth are used as suitable vehicles to meet political agenda. This is detrimental to society, as it does not conform to the needs of the victimised delinquent. This paper contains, in this regard, an evaluation of the debates around the justice and welfare models, and highlights the urge to develop the latter. The concluding section will state how the politicisation of crime develops a punitive justice system that redefines the youth as the new folk devils. It sees them as perpetrators and not victims. There is a strong need to increasingly consider the youth as victims, as it is only then the benefits of such a welfare model can be experienced. The Consequence Of The Bulger Case Debatably, the publics response towards deteriorating social order permits the introduction of more punitive measures by political parties and policy-makers. This would aid constructing public opinion so that the enforced regulations are justified and legitimised in controlling crime. Such is not a new occurrence. Cohen, in 1964, studied the moral hysteria created by the Mods and Rockers,  [4]  the shaping of the young black mugger in the 1970s was researched by Hall,  [5]  the 1980s focused upon the punks, the hoodies emerged in the nineties and the new millennium exposed gang lifestyles.  [6]  Nonetheless, Smith and Seudas study involved a postmodernist perspective of the Bulger case, which they view as incomparable.  [7]  The fact that Bulger was murdered by Boy A and Boy B (both aged ten and not adults) fuelled the country with hate to a level that Britain was seen striving for the blood of Thompson and Venables.  [8]  Through negative broadcasting, the media relentlessly sought to further demonise the boys. The media maintained the nations hatred and even influenced the removal of the injunction against naming the boys publicly. The murderers were never promoted as victims themselves. In fact, it became obvious that framing Thompson and Venables was indefinitely an instrument to negate the boys so governmental agendas are met. Being depicted as evil killers of a cute child, both boys confronted masses outside the courts that taunted to hang them.  [9]  The entire focus was on the devastation caused and this justified lowering the criminal responsibility age. Individuals under fourteen were no longer considered to be doli incapax or unable to commit crime.  [10]  Before criticising the medias involvement, it is important to note that framing is not regarded as what the media covers but rather the way in which it does.  [11]  Morrison highlights how the media elicit[ed] public sympathy by, for example, describing the victim as little Jamie.  [12]  Such evidently influenced Justice Morland in sentencing the offenders to the compulsory eight years; equivalent to the undefined sentence under secti on 53(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. The Judge viewed the crime as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cunning and very wicked and worthy of being imprisoned for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦very, very many years until maturation. Reflecting ideas of right realists (like American neo-conservative JQ Wilson), which view offenders as rational beings wilfully engaging in criminal behaviour, this ideology has gradually affected policy-making. It is incorrect to generalise children as it is certain that the age of maturity varies.  [13]  Also, the judges condition of being detained until you have matured emphasises the view that it is criminal not to have matured by ten. The judge can be regarded as being affected by external reactions. Each case should be decided on its merit, and equal attention should be given to punishing the crime and also dealing with the causes. The latter reflects the need to realise the perpetrators as victims suffering themselves. It is this welfare system that would provide economic and social security to individuals. Punishing the crime does not solve the problem as reoffending statistics highlight,  [14]  but rather the causes of crime should be eradicated. The judge, in the Bulger case, believed that eight years was very, very many years for a ten year old.  [15]  However four weeks later, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Taylor of Gosforth wanted to extend it to ten years so it would act as a deterrent. Nonetheless, such would again fall short of the authors argument that queries how a young mentally disturbed immature person could weigh up the consequence of his actions in such circumstances. It is not, for one second, being suggested to forgive murderers, but rather the state should recognise them also as victims and act to prevent future generations from suffering to the extent where they see such violent acts as rational. From a neutral perspective, it is apparent that the framing process provides a carte blanche to policy-makers to increase punishments and satisfy the communitys punitive urge. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard, was equipped with thousands of cuttings from the Suns movement steered by Bulgers parents to extend the se ntencing to whole life. In 1994, Howard increased it to fifteen years to calm the apprehensive public.  [16]  Such a move prohibited the recognition of the perpetrators as victims. It is evident that the victims family were stressed and wanted revenge, but if this request is completely adhered to by the state, this would detract completely from the welfare model and what is left is a system of solely crime and punishment. This is not a preventive model and would be ineffective in tackling problems faced by young offenders. Such has been supported by the English Court of Appeal  [17]  and the majority in the House of Lords,  [18]  who banned the ability of policymakers in deciding sentencing. Furthermore in T v UK and V v UK,  [19]  the European Court of Human Rights rightly recognised the unfair trial that resulted from the negative public opinion injected by the media. Lord Woolf cancelled the increased sentence and viewed the YOIs as too harsh. The boys were releas ed with new identities after serving the original eight years. James Bulgers mother warned the public to watch out for any unknown eighteen year olds residing in their area and advised that [t]hey got away with murder[and to] do what you can to get them out because theyre still dangerous. I know theyll kill again.  [20]  Being allowed to make defamatory assertions illustrates the framing process to be intact. Also, there was clearly no appreciation of the work in rehabilitating the offenders so they are not seen as a threat in community.  [21]  However, if it was given attention in the press then this, consequently, would have offended the victims family.  [22]  This is irrational. It is important to promote, to a certain extent, such rehabilitation work so it can educate the nation as to risks associated with disadvantaged children. This obviously will lower crime rates in the long run as crime-inducing factors would be dealt with; this is why Morrison argues the illogi cality by questioning whether its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦possible to imagine a place where the rehabilitation of lost and damaged children would be a matter for celebration, not outrage? However, too much attention would prove harmful, as this would promote a lenient criminal justice model catering to reform the young. Convinced to be looked after, immature individuals would commit crime. To be effective, the system employed should advertise both the stringent sentencing powers along with the welfare measures. But obviously, it is necessary for offenders to be classified as victims first. The Norwegian Example Outlining the James Bulger case was not simply due to its significance to present-day English and Welsh penal policy, but moreover to compare it with how other nations deal with the issue. Soon after, there was another murder that resembled the Bulger case.  [23]  Here, a six-year-old boy, along with two boys aged five, murdered five-year-old girl called Siljie.  [24]  Nonetheless even though she lost her daughter, the mother forgave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the ones who killedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is not possible to hate small children. They cant understand the consequences.  [25]  The offenders returned to normal schooling within two weeks and identities continue to be confidential.  [26]  They were not punished strictly but were initially seen by psychologists and welfare specialists. Obviously, the individuals were confronted with hardship but rather à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦care, support, guidance and counselling was encouraged.  [27]  Such was not overtly welcomed in the Bulger ca se. A welfare model operated in Norway. Many scholars began to query the way in which one society strives towards the whole life punishment, whilst another favours implanting offenders back into their normal lives and hoping they will recover from events as if they were victimised.  [28]  29Both these approaches represent the two extremes of the spectrum. Norway is seen as soft on crime whereas embracing the harsh method of England and Wales would be disadvantageous in understanding crime. A hybrid adoption would serve well; whereby deserving punishment is given and also the offenders are recognised, overtly and impartially, as victims so society can be cured and not merely punished. Political Platform The right realist policies are far greater retributory in nature than those of other EU States.  [30]  31A political economy has an impact upon the methods of framing certain individuals not least to imprison them in the assurance of a present societal unanimity that would not query it. A platform was offered to Tony Blair who manipulated Bulgers death to attack the Conservative reign, which Marxism stated catered the desires of the elite.  [32]  As elections approached, Thatcher demanded the removal of anarchy and violence from society. After Bulger, Blair was also seen asserting there to be somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ very sick at the heart of our society.  [33]  These statements are evidences of the use of juvenile crime to reach governmental agendas.  [34]  Furthermore, it also enables the introduction of more crime control methods that, along with attracting voters to political manifestos, moves away from the model of due process.  [35]  The focus is on punishin g crime rather than ultimately understanding it. It shifts towards a model that fails to recognise criminals as individuals with rights, and even a history of victimisation themselves. The UKs Attempts To Go Welfare There have been rare instances where attention has been given to juvenile delinquents, as hinted in the title. Immediately after Bulgers death, Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke proposed reforms that established new YOIs to support twelve to fourteen year-olds. These ran parallel with retributive programmes.  [36]  Although this depicts the justice methodology, the Bulger case did eventually query parental duties, increased state intervention and rehabilitation schemes within the framework of YOTs; diverting offenders from custodial sentencing to reparation with the sufferer and alternatively face community punishments. All questions were soon answered by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Nonetheless, the guidelines included have differing impacts on the procedures adopted by welfare performers as opposed to those of the justice approach. The year 1998 also introduced policies such as ASBOs, Parenting Orders, Dispersal Orders, Behaviour Agreements, Detention and Curfews.  [37]  Ho wever, despite being introduced to support them, the policies rather went on to adversely affect those appearing before the developing YOTs.  [38]  This is correct where multi-agency policies are intrinsic in programmes where society decides the juveniles consequence. Nonetheless when based upon evidence from quantitative research, there are problems since it claims that actors should closely follow procedures that are known to be successful. As seen in Section 93 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, [w]here a person aged under 21 is convicted of murderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the court shall sentence him to custody for life unless he is liable to be detained under section 90 above. In the words of John Pitts, we are far too concerned with their deeds and uninterested in their needs.  [39]   Contrary to the view expressed in the title, there have been attempts to unite justice and welfare to generate a more caring yet regulating attitude. This supports the idea that even though the individual is responsible for his action, the system does acknowledge the victimisation of that delinquent. For example, the restorative justice model enabled offender victim mediations whereby the offender meets the sufferer, apologises, displays sorrow and advances towards reparation. Such encounters are done with a volunteer who would, assisted by a script, monitor the procedure into a reasonable conclusion.  [40]   This was a great move but gradually, right wing views were injected into community sanctions and, as it became associated with custodial punishments, this defeated the objective. The proposed multi-agency system was further disordered with bifurcating approaches of the actors; largely police officers who are bias towards the youth (especially those from black/ethnic minorities). Feilzer and Hood, who discovered African-Carribean juveniles as being disproportionately represented in the youth justice system, have supported this assertion.  [41]  This can be explained by Hall et al and their study into the framing of black youths in Handsworth (Birmingham).  [42]  The delinquency is dissimilar but the manner in which the media reacted, and policy amendments that followed, is largely comparable. Three black youths attacked a male in 1973 and such a street crime would result in a six months sentence. However, they were found for a new crime called mugging.  [43]  The media exa ggerated and labelled all black men as muggers. This helped justify (following the 2011 UK riots) strategies like stop and search and sus laws contained in Code A of PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) whereby, in absence of reasonable basis, black men could be stopped.  [44]  Here also, photos of the offenders, one aged sixteen and two aged fifteen, were all over tabloids. Eventually, the oldest received twenty years of imprisonment and ten years were given to the other two.  [45]  Ultimately, the framing of the individuals, who were accountable for a lesser crime, initiated riots that consequently helped justify the severe punishments, police conduct and discretion. This can develop into a vicious cycle and would result in harsher forms of punishment that are justified with more severe criminal movements. Such can be prevented through actually treating the causes of criminality by, as this paper argues, increasingly identifying youths as victims themselves. The so-called developments in law are a result of children being used (as suitable vehicles) to construct media exaggerations even though children murdering children is not a new phenomenon. This in turn questions why previous practices of criminal justice were overwritten by Bulger. It was to distract the viewer from considering the youth as victims. In the case, Justice Morland questioned how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦two mentally normal boys aged 10 of average intelligence committed this terrible crime is very hard to comprehend.  [46]  Its obvious. They were mentally unstable as they were victims of brutality. Although experts evaluated them to be mature enough for an adult trial, they were not. In Norway, they would have been impartially recognised as victims, treated and sent back into their normal lives. Norways intentional homicide rates are exceptionally low with a rate of 0.6, as opposed to UKs 1.2, per hundred thousand in 2009.  [47]  Norways focus on rehabilitation is surely effective as seen in its low crime rate. The UK needs to increasingly consider the youth today as victims. This, in the long run, will address UKs problem of rising criminal behaviour. It is essential to understand the victimisation of youth as this would display societal defects that need attention. The first of three ways in which steps can be taken to avert juveniles from criminal conduct is by using Asset; where risks and defending factors are analysed to estimate the needs and improve matters of schooling, parenting, deficiencies or bullying for example.  [48]  Secondly, YOTs must concentrate on both the victim and offender. Where the community punishment is ineffective, the offender appears in court but the juveniles interests are at the heart of the process.  [49]  The other factor comprises of the monitoring order where checks are made to prevent re-offending, and also encourage attainment of goals. It is essential that such be actually followed through for reasons highlighted in this paper. However, history has taught us the opposite. In fact, the aftermath of Tony Blairs landslide victory did not prohibit the victimisation of vulnerable juveniles. Under Blairs government, the initial nine years created 3,023 criminal offences and these mostly were associated with regulating the youth.  [50]  Such an attitude is reflected with the positivist views enshrined in todays policy-making in support of crime control and policies promoting words like Zero Tolerance and Three Strikes. These openly conflict with the much-needed care of the welfare model. The main objective of introducing the Youth Justice System was to merge the justice and welfare models to tackle juvenile delinquency.  [51]  It aimed to understand juvenile offending and also punish the youth as adults, to offer protection to society. The equilibrium has not obviously been met and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of a Child was extremely concerned regarding the level of juvenile poverty in UK and described teen pregnancy and homelessness as its main concerns.  [52]  This highlights the inability of children to enjoy normal lifestyles and instead, resort to crime to fulfil basic requirements. It is necessary to primarily identify the youth as victims so that such issues can be addressed. In the YJB questionnaires for instance, 71% participants from college/school believe family members cared about them. Since they were questionnaires, interviewer bias was not relevant but this percentage is definitely an overrepresentation with children being inclin ed to answer positively. At least 29% were overtly not feeling protected; this is detrimental and needs to be recognised. Also when asked whether they stay away from home without asking,  [53]  73% denied this similarly another overrepresentation. Case Study: Joseph Scholes Overall, local authorities across the country are failing to provide proper assessments and care plans for vulnerable children.  [54]  This was seen in the Joseph Scholes case. Said to be well-mannered yet vulnerable by social workers, Scholes resided with mother Yvonne after a custody dispute.  [55]  Scholes had also experienced sexual abuse from an early age and this transformed into self-harming. After being handed into care, Scholes would go out and get drunk with friends. On one occasion, an assault and a theft of a mobile occurred. Despite being a spectator, Scholes was arrested since he was look[ing] after the stolen phone.  [56]  Scholes became tensed and inflicted self-harm by slitting furiously his face using knives. Scholes difficulties were discussed and all relevant documents were presented by psychiatrists, social workers and YOTs, which proposed non-custodial sentencing owing to Scholes suicidal tendency.  [57]  The problem however was that the defendan t pleaded guilty even though he was innocent to all intent and purpose.  [58]  The judge stressed his inability to depart from Lord Woolf s standpoint that every street robbery must receive immediate custodial sentencing.  [59]  He received a two-year custodial sentence.  [60]  Furthermore, a deficit in placements compelled the Board to situate Scholes at Stoke Heath Youth Offending Institution, where he needed care but only received a piece to cover his stripped body. After being shifted to the Health Care Wing, Scholes was found dead hanging from the window bars just nine days into his punishment. The observance of stringent rules has proved detrimental again. Research by Ofsted identified fifty cases where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦professionals [failed] to see the situation from the childs perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to see and speak to the children; to listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to observeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to take serious account of their viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ supporting their needs is probably the single most consistent failure in safeguarding work with children.  [61]   Conclusion Following the critical analysis of the assertion, it is obvious that the youth are largely seen as perpetrators of crime. The consideration towards the idea that the youth can be victimised is required in contemporary society to ensure the individual is protected as seen in the Buffer Model examined by Armstrong et al (2005). This paper relied upon the controversial debate surrounding the justice and welfare models. The author supports the view that the justice system should be relaxed to the point where the welfare model can be most effective. After all, an association found upon trust and care with individual assistance is much more economical and successful than imprisoning mentally scarred juveniles away from their lives. Framing individuals creates stereotypes, which promote negatively shaped identities.  [62]  This can be disadvantageous to offenders and ultimately disorders society further. Every case needs to be viewed as different from one another and, where victimisati on of the offender is recognisable, it must be identified and treated. Also, external factors, such as the media, should not be allowed to influence. It is only then the problems from a custodial sentence can be avoided and most importantly, the welfare model can function at its best. Realistically however, although there is a much greater need to consider the youth as victims, the use of children as suitable vehicles to meet political plans makes it highly unlikely for such recognition in todays society.

Intelligence Process: Dissemination :: essays research papers

INTELLIGENCE PROCESS: DISSEMINATION One of the most important steps in the intelligence cycle is deciding who or whom will receive the analyst’s work. This process is called dissemination. Once completed, the intelligence product has to be able to be passed on to those personnel that meet the requirements of dissemination; Right to know, Need to know, Authority to release.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first requirement of the right to know determines what individuals should have the information to make intelligence decisions. Access to the final products is mainly focus towards law enforcement agencies, both federal and state. These agencies are, however, not the exclusive heir to information. In some cases the Department of Family Services may need to have information on civilians in order to locate offenders or deal with juvenile delinquents. The right to know may also be extended to licensing groups, in order to stifle organized crime. Some examples of non-authorized industries are banks, credit bureaus, and employment agencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The need to know is the second requirement of the dissemination process. Whether part of the law enforcement agency or working outside of the agency, before intelligence information is disclosed, there must be a need to know based on the case that law official may be working on. This requirement keeps just anyone from casually browsing through all the classified information that may not pertain to what they have the right to know. The information-seeking agency will need to have proof of needing to know the information, found generally by the case number. Another form of need to know is observed when a background investigation is being conducted on an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the first two requirements have been satisfied and the right to know and need to know has been established, it is now necessary to determine whether the right to release information to the agency is possible. Many times the information or intelligence may not be possible to release, due to the originating agencies need to have the information keep a secret from the everyone, for example, an undercover agents identity was disclosed. Historically, information is classified at a higher level than necessary, so personnel in this type of circumstance are not compromised. If this is the case, than a date should be disclosed as to when this information may be declassified or downgraded to the consumers level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two general methods of dissemination. The first type is a distribution list.

Why College Students Cheat

Grades, rather than education have become more important to students. Students are feeling a great deal of pressure to succeed in college; so that they can land that terrific job. With saying all of that, the rate of college students cheating has been increasing every year. There are several forms of cheating that take place; from going old school and writing the answers on your body; to todays’ technology such as cell phones and cameras. Cheating with students has increased over the years and nothing has been done to stop it. Everyday students in this world grow lazier and lazier and begin to neglect their school work. Academic cheating is defined as representing someone else’s work as your own. It can take many forms, including sharing another’s work, purchasing a term paper or test questions in advance, or paying another to do the work for you (www. nocheating. org). Students with all types of majors cheat, Medical students, Engineering students, Business and even Law students. A Rutgers professor did a study on different fields of majors and students to find out how many students would actually admit to cheating. 56 percent of business students cheat; engineering students took 54 percent and law students only had 47 percent. He discovered that law students, although they don’t cheat the most, have the best reason to. â€Å"The stakes are much higher for law students,† McCabe says. â€Å"There's a fear you may not be able to take the bar exam after having spent these three years in law school†. (Gravers, L. ) In todays’ world, technology has made cheating much easier. Students use their cell phones to text students outside of the exam room to obtain the answers. As well as texting, students also take pictures with their cell phones of the material they are studying and use them during the exam.

A Study on Work Life Balance Essay

For fresh graduates, getting in the big four firms have long been considered as one of the ideal places where everyone aims for. This is because there are significant benefits from working at a Big 4 Firm. For instance, every Big 4 firm offer superior training to staffs, networking opportunities with professionals across different industries, and possibility to be hired at one of the client companies. Hence, many young accountants and fresh graduates are willing to take on lower pay to work in these firms. However, working in a Big 4 firm is never an easy task, especially during peak season from January to April. Typically, an employee has to work ten to twelve hours a day during weekdays and weekends. Heavy work hours has greatly affected employees in maintaining work life balance and brought challenges to both employees and employers. The current study identifies the factors that could affect employees’ work life balance in one of the Big Four accounting firms – Deloitte Macau. Both questionnaire surveys (n=30) and interviews (across two management level) have been conducted and reveal convergent outcomes. Recommendations have been provided to further improve the work-life balance in Deloitte Macau. Introduction of Deloitte Macau Deloitte Macau is an accounting firm that provides audit, tax, consulting, and financial advisory services to national, multinational and enterprise clients in Macau. The firm is a member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL), a UK private company limited by guarantee. Each DTTL firm is structured differently in accordance with national or local laws, regulations, customary practice, and other factors, and may secure the provision of provision of professional services in its territory through subsidiaries, affiliates, and/or other entities. Currently, there are fifty-nine professionals working inside the company, ranging from junior (A1 and A2), senior, manager and senior manager. Besides, Employee may also have the opportunity to become partner, who receives a share in the profits of the company and have a say in management. Furthermore, The increase in pay is substantial. An audit partner at Deloitte reported an annual salary range of USD $387,000 to $416,000. However, it also means additional responsibilities for bringing in new business and managing employees. Definition of Work-life balance The social structure and complexity has changed rapidly in the past decades, the society is facing massive confrontation of different responsibilities and commitments, these changes were formed as a result in increased global competition, renewed interest in personal lives and family values, aging workforce (Lockwood, 2003), as well as the blurring of work-non-work boundaries (Humbert and Lewis, 2008), work-life balance has become a predominant issue in the workplace. Extensive researches have been conducted about work-life balance; however, the context of work-life balance is very broad and will have different meaning towards different situation and interpretation. Researchers gave different definition of work-life balance, Wise (2003) states that â€Å"work-life balance is about helping employees better manage their work and non-work time. † According to Business dictionary, work-life balance is a comfortable state of equilibrium achieved between an employee’s primary priorities of their employment position and their private lifestyle. It is a stability of body or mind† (Guest, 2001). Thus, different people may have their â€Å"right† combination of paid work and other aspects of their lives. Most psychologists would agree that the demands of an employee’s career should not overwhelm the individual’s ability to enjoy a satisfying personal life outside of the business environment. In this sense, balance is the result of collective actions, not an action in itself. Whereas researchers also define meaning of â€Å"life† in three senses, they define life as unpaid work obligations, leisure in general and ultimately anything that is not employment. Maclnnes, 2008). Focus among the different definition of work-life balance As work-life balance has such broad term of definition, its implication and application to real world situation as a result is comprehensive. According to Lockwood (2003), the working definitions of terms used regarding work-life balance covering different aspects, including work-family, which refers to the work-life balance in specific areas such as quality of life, flexible work , option, life balance etc. ; work-family conflicts, which efers to the push and pull between work and family responsibilities; work-life balance from the employee viewpoint, which refers to the dilemma of managing work obligations and personal or family responsibilities; work-life balance from the employer viewpoint, which refers to the challenge of creating a supportive company culture where employees can focus on their job while at work; others such family-friendly benefits, work-life programs, work-life initiatives and work-family culture etc. ave been evolved as research areas of defining work-life balance. In the current study, we are going to focus on work-life conflict from the employees’ viewpoint, to explore the problems they encounter and what they could do for managing work and non-work obligations. Objectives and methodology of the study After focusing the definition of work-life balance for the study, we have set objectives in line with information collected from employees of Deloitte Macau to come up with several purposes: to find out the causes that led to employee’s non-work-life balance in the work context, to investigate ways that employer can do to tackle the causes for improving the situation, to observe how employees could do to prevent from getting imbalance between work and non-work context, and finally give out recommendation on application for tackling the problems from both employer and employee viewpoint. Methodology of the study  The study is conducted with a combination of pragmatism approach together with the support of literature review for inductive results. By using pragmatism approach, it is believed that causes that negatively affect the work life balance of employees of Deloitte Macau could be found out in a systematic and more comprehensive way, and with the identification of the causes, employer could help enhancing employee’s work-life balance with appropriate strategies. In this case, both questionnaire and interview were used as the research strategies for the appropriateness and applicableness of this paper. Sampling and participants Questionnaires were distributed across the three operational departments of Deloitte Macau, the auditing department, compliance department and tax department for the freedom of choice staff made to complete the questionnaire. On the other hand, a manager from auditing department and an assistant manager who is in charge of supervising both tax and compliance department were selected to participate in this study. Data collection Primary data is collected from questionnaire and interview. As mentioned earlier, pragmatism and inductive approach was used for the research methodology. Both questionnaire and interviews were applied for data collection tool. Target participants of questionnaires were employees from junior to middle management level across the three operational department of Deloitte Macau. The questionnaire sampling was based on the random sampling approach while interview with mangers belongs to purposive sampling. Interpretation of data received will be outlined and elaborated in the findings session. Findings From Questionnaire A survey was carried out from 6th Feb to 9th March 2013 by asking Deloitte audit, tax and compliance staffs to fill a questionnaire. The aim of the survey is to evaluate the work and non-work balance of the staffs and find out the causes of this imbalance. A total 31 questionnaires (sample size) were completed among total 59 staffs (population size). In order to have a better understanding of the causes that lead to imbalance work and non-work life, literature review is carried out in advance and we find that the causes are mainly: Technology boom Lacking appropriate skill Overtime and limiting budget Multi-tasking. Thus, we also set them as the choices in our questionnaire (question 13 in Appendix A) for asking the causes.