Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay -- American

Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes In exploring the problem of identity in Black literature we find no simple or definite explanation. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that it is rooted in the reality of the discriminatory social system in America with its historic origins in the institution of slavery. One can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and economic inequalities and through the heavy psychological consequences suffered by the Negro who is forced to play an inferior role, 1 the latter relates to the low self-estimate, feeling of helplessness and basic identity conflict. Thus, in some form or the other, every Negro American is confronted with the question of `where he is' in the prevailing white society. The problem of Negro identity has various dimensions like the color, community and class. The inescapable reality of the Negro existence in America is color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race-consciousness.2 This is significant because a Negro establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, thus making his racial group membership the nexus of his self identity.3 In 1915, the Association for the study of Negro life and history made special endeavours to convince the Negroes that they could never acquire respectability in society if they despised their history and looked upon themselves as inferior. It was felt that "the American Negro must remake its past in order to make his future."4 After the Negro began to search his identity in the glorious past-his heritage and his folk tradition, he began to feel proud of his black wholesome colour. La... ...hes, "One." Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 92. Langston Hughes, "Bound No'th Blues." Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 174. Langston Hughes, "Vagabonds." Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 91. Langston Hughes, "Merry-Go-Round." Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 194. Langston Hughes, "I, too, Sing America." Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 275. Langston Hughes, "New Song", A New Song (New York: International Workers Order, 1938), p. 25. Langston Hughes, "The Black Man Speaks", Jim Crow's Last Stand (Atlanta: Negro Publication Society, 1943), p. 5. Langston Hughes, "Freedom," Jim Crow's Last Stand (Atlanta: Negro Publication Society, 1943), p. 7.

The AtekPC Project Management Office Essay

The Atek PC Project Management Office Case Study was assigned for this class to provide an overview of the challenges faced by management in the development and deployment of a PMO in an existing company. Based on the case study respond to the questions below incorporating not only the course reading materials, but any outside research that may be relevant. Be sure to cite the authority for any research included in your response. What were the changes in AtekPC’s business environment that caused the company to introduce a PMO? Based on your assigned readings and research, do these appear to be appropriate reasons for developing a PMO? Why or why not? â€Å"One might be cost reduction. Another motivation to get better on projects would be that we have to get more creative, adaptive, and agile in launching new products. â€Å" [1] â€Å"The PC industry was changing, and AtekPC was engaged in dealing with dramatic pressure from larger competitors such as HP, Dell, and Lenovo. To compete in a changing industry in which consolidation was occurring, AtekPC had implemented a corporate Planning Office. Recognizing the  role that IT would likely play in enabling AtekPC to respond to the industry pressures, the senior vice-president had supported the creation of a PMO within IT. â€Å" [1] Somewhat true but not sufficient Here are some other reasons of why we should have PMO. (of course it cannot represent everything) In mature organizations, the PMO is the focal point for improvement and enhancement in project management through the implementation of the enterprise-oriented functions. Enterprise-oriented functions are intended to bolster the overall capability of the organization for long-range benefits. The enterprise functions will provide the long-term stability and backbone  for the project management success. This mission is met by establishing, and maintaining, a project historical database, by developing and disseminating project management best practices, by providing training in all project management knowledge areas, and by providing visibility for the value of project management to the organization. [2] Distinguish between project-focused and enterprise-oriented duties of a PMO? The specific duties of a PMO were typically divided into two categories: project-focused and enterprise-oriented. Project focused responsibilities such as consulting, mentoring, and training were services that enabled the success of individual projects. On the other hand, enterprise responsibilities addressed services that might improve all projects such as portfolio management, PM standards, methods, and tools, and project performance archives. [1] PMO’s are more effective and can better impact the bottom line, when they are operating at the corporate enterprise-wide strategic level, rather than at the departmental level. Departmentally based Project Management offices are successful in their own silos but not accepted outside their span of influence, and therefore, are unable to influence the organization as a whole. This is because many project management offices started off from a grass roots approach. [3] A PMO that is organizationally based versus departmentally based is more likely to get executive support. After all, project management should not be a departmental strategy; it should be an organizational strategy. The Enterprise PMO will oversee the management of all strategically aligned projects. [3] Describe the primary issues faced by AteKPC management under the two organizational models that were under consideration for the PMO. Explain the limitations of each of these models.

Social Issues In The Jungle - 1497 Words

â€Å"The Jungle†, written by Upton Sinclair, is an astonishing novel informing readers about the devastating truths involving life in America, Chicago in particular. This novel gives an inside look into to the struggles the hundreds of thousands European immigrants faced as they ventured to America throughout this time. Sinclair shows us the disturbing and emotional realities average people in America faced daily and how the correct societal and governmental reforms would have allowed these issues to be avoided. The main societal and governmental reform that was highlighted in this novel is that socialism can cure the disavtanges of capitalism. In addition, the â€Å"The Jungle† calls for work force reforms, unsanitary consumption reforms, and†¦show more content†¦When he first gets to the meeting, he enters just to sit and rest until someone encourages him to listen to the speech. To his surprise, the speaker is pointing out the terrible conditions that worke rs face each day. Additionally, he talks about how capitalists grind most workers into capitulation. Jurgis has never heard anyone speak so vividly of the realities he was facing each day, causing him much joy. This was the first time a political party was in favor of the working class rather than the privileged and wealthy. Sinclair does an excellent job of developing the theme of reform from capitalism to socialism. As he speaks to Ostrinski, a Lithuanian speaking socialist, he is informed that just because America is politically free doesn’t mean there is no â€Å"wage slavery†. When Jurgis finds a new job, under a socialist boss, Sinclair makes it obvious that this is a much better political party than capitalism since Jurgis is making thirty plus dollars each month. This new wage is nothing compared to the amount he was making before. Throughout the novel capitalism is portrayed as a destructive form of government while Sinclair promotes socialism. Another major reform that the novel called for is a labor force reform. Along with the government, political, and police all being corrupt, there were little to no labor laws, building codes, or health inspections. ThousandsShow MoreRelatedMean Girls, directed by Mark Waters1221 Words   |  5 Pagesday in the African jungle. Today is your first day of public high school in America. Mean Girls portrays high school to be a social jungle created by the girls in the American education system through a basic rise and fall plot, demonstration that the social ecology is more important than academics, and direction of typical high school stereotypes toward a teenage female audience. The basic plot of Mean Girls is that of an innocent new girl being thrown into the social jungle of American high schoolRead MoreWhy is The Jungleby Upton Sinclair Considered a Primary Source?869 Words   |  3 Pagesthere. So they have all the evidence they need for what is being documented. The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, is a primary source because Jurgis actually went through the hard labor conditions that occurred in the Progressive Era (1900-1916). The Jungle puts a face to the issues of grueling work hours, poor working conditions, unbearable living arrangements, exploitation of the poor, and uneducated working class. Issues of Industrial Democracy, child labor, and the minimum wage became so important toRead MoreUpton Sinclair and His Influence on Society Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggles through childhood and young adulthood, his writing ended up having the deepest social impact upon the public since Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. This was accomplished th rough his works such as The Jungle, King Coal, Oil!, and Boston. His work reflects socialistic views and he achieved worldwide recognition extremely easily. He influenced society through the publication of The Jungle, which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. He also responded to other peoples criticismRead MoreA Comparison of the Legacy of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle and Rachel Carsons Silent Spring1725 Words   |  7 Pages 1906 would see the publication of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, pushing through major reforms of the meatpacking industry and eventually causing the government to take actions to protect the health of its people; almost fifty years later, the publication of Rachel Carsons novel Silent Spring would invoke a similar, but changed response to the threat of DDT. Although both would lead to government legislation creating major changes, the original intentions of the authors themselves differedRead MoreComparison of the Jungle and Fast Food Nation1 436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Money and Greed in Society The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was published almost century ago and it showed the Americans the problems that existed in the early nineteenth century, the industrialization timeline. Sinclair’s target was the workers who were mistreated in various workplaces, such as the meat packing companies in Chicago, so that they may be treated fairly. Sinclair wanted a future society where common people (those mostly that worked at the workplaces) to form a group andRead MoreAnalysis Of The BookThe Jungle, By Upton Sinclair1636 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Jungle† is a novel by a renowned author by the name of Upton Sinclair. He is an American author who had an interest in addressing the improper conduct of the political and business class. He was born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Maryland. As an author, he was able to publish several novels addressing important issues in the society. His novels include â€Å"The Springtime and Harvest,† which was his first novel in 1901 and â€Å"The Jungle† among many others. Through his work and dedication, heRead MoreWho Is More Happy People Living in the City or People Living in the Jungle899 Words   |  4 PagesThe jungle: the densest and most intriguing corners of planet earth, littered with animals and plant life that are too plentiful to count. Only 6% of the earth is jungle but more than half of all species live there. Scientist have confirmed what every urbanite has long suspected-life in the city is more stressful. However, part studies have shown that exposure to green space reduces stress, boosts health and makes us less vulnerable to depression. The findings come from the brain scans of 32 healthRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair The story â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair is somewhat of a declaration900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair The story â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair is somewhat of a declaration of attention towards the matters of sociopolitical issues, capitalism, political corruption, and the depravedness of corporate personnel, corporatism, and industrialism; it inspires progressivism in its strong and thought-provoking messages and lives by its title. The story is about a recently married Lithuanian couple – Jurgis and Ona, and their ten other siblings who all come to America, as immigrantsRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1155 Words   |  5 Pages8/10/17 The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Book Review The working conditions in the US in the 20th  century were diffcult since workers had to struggle to survive on the daily bases.The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair does not only highlight the life of American workers but also uncovers the infleunce of capitalism in the US, where workers and employees were destined to fight for a living, while the upper-class reaped the benefits of national wealth.The Jungle gives many examples of theRead More Comparing Daisy Miller and The Beast and the Jungle Essays584 Words   |  3 PagesCompare/Contrast James’ style from â€Å"Daisy Miller to â€Å"The Beast in the Jungle† Henry James’ early work entitled, â€Å"Daisy Miller† is much simpler than his late work, â€Å"The Beast in the Jungle†. James’ style became more complicated and intellectual as his talents matured; this is shown through his sentence structure and length, choice of words, and the message conveyed to the reader through the story. For example, in â€Å"Daisy Miller† James narrates the story in an uncomplicated, yet articulate manner

Definition Of Marketing Marketing Essay - 3900 Words

Question: 1.1 a) Definition of Marketing: Marketing is defined as an action, promotion and selling product and service including research and advertising is called marketing. And it’s converting wants into needs; it’s communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customers for the purpose of promoting selling the product, service or brand. The main purpose of marketing is increasing the number of sales. (Wikipedia, 2015) 4Ps’: Product: In marketing area, what are the customer wants and needs? How much value of the product could provide to customer. Some more items that we need to provide to customer that we haven’t done before. What do the competitors do at this part? Place: Where do the buyers want to buy the products? Where is the place that suitable for the company to establish their shops? And they can get the good profit if they establish on there. Where do the competitors established? Price: How much money should be priced for the product? What’s the value of the product? Is that worthy for customer to purchase? What do the competitors do for this? So how to setting it. Promotion: How to reach the goal by advertising, what do the competitors done it? Analyze the seasonality of the market carefully. Make customer interested about that. Diagram: (Google Image, 2015) Definition of Marketing Research: The Marketing Research is the process between Marketer and the consumer, customer, user. The intent of marketer is get the information about the needsShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3135 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the product companyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay9454 Words   |  38 PagesContents TASK 1 1 Task 2 5 Task 3 7 TASK 1 1.1 Definition of marketing: - marketing is defined as action of company any promotion and selling their product, service including research and advertising is called marketing. Company can buy and selling their product all that is marketing. (www.businessdictionary.co.nz, 2015) 4 p’s of marketing. 1. Product: - Customer can buy something that they want for full fill their need. Customer should satisfyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the productRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay4186 Words   |  17 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is something which every organization does to place their product or service in the hands of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines, public relations, pricing, packaging and distribution. 4 p’s of marketing: Products: The products play a vital role in marketing. They analyze the wants of the customers and offering them a product. They are also set the size of the product color of the product and other things. They are also considering about theRead MoreMarketing : Definition Of Marketing Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages Name Gursimran deep Singh Student ID- ND15164 Define marketing Marketing is the activity, set of organisations, and processes for producing, communicating, delivering, and exchanging contributions that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. And this is management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customers. The 4Ps are: Price: Its mentions to the value that is put for a productRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3142 Words   |  13 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is based on the thinking about the business in terms of the needs of customers and satisfaction. Marketing is different from selling because Selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. The main purpose of the marketing is to increase the sales of the products and getting more profit for the company. 4P’s of marketing: ProductRead MoreDefinition Of Definitions Of Marketing1471 Words   |  6 Pagesny definitions of marketing. Marketing can be summarised as a process by which a product or service is presented and promoted to potential customers. Customer value also has many definitions. The simplest form of customer value is defined as being what customers get from buying the product and the functional use of the product versus what they pay, resulting in an attitude toward, or an emotional connection with the product. There are four types of customer value which are functional/instrumentalRead MoreMarketing Definition1002 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing definition Every company depends on an efficient marketing program to fulfill customers needs. Marketing is a process of finding out what the customer wants and meeting those requirements. Within the company, the marketing group has to consider customer values and customer satisfaction before considering offering a product. Marketing is part of our everyday world, and can be perceived everywhere and every time. At any time, everyone has been exposed to different kinds of marketing orRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing And Marketing Strategy Essay3526 Words   |  15 PagesDefinition of marketing? It s is a process in which wants changes into needs. The activities of an organization connected with purchasing and offering an items or administration. The marketing process is having direct connection with communication and requirements and the actual goal of marketing is to expand the sales of the company’s product as well as the Company’s profit. In the terms of marketing, there are some of key points which are connected with the marketing such as target market, marketRead MoreMarketing Definition and Importance1431 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Definition and Importance Marketing Definition and Importance The world of marketing is very diverse and can be defined and applied in many different ways. One person might be asked to give a definition of marketing and give a totally different definition than another person. Marketing importance to an organization can be different from one to the other depending on product line and ways in which the organization markets the product. In today’s paper one will look at two different definitions

The Independent Variables Of Black Population - 1206 Words

Independent variables Black population was included to the study in order to observe to what extent race (Blacks) is related to outcome variables (violent, property, and Part 2 arrests). We hypothesized that Blacks are disproportionately arrested than Whites. Along with the Black population, we included the population of each block group to standardize their racial compositions. Studies suggest that there is a reciprocal relationship between the number of arrests and the number of crime in a given area. For this reason, the police more likely to patrol in those areas based on the principles of hot spot policing as discussed above. In order to capture this conception/construct, we employed three proxy variables. The first one is the block†¦show more content†¦At the neighborhood level, we used three variables. The first variable is the number of liquor stores in neighborhoods. A growing body of literature suggests that concentration of liquor stores is related to crime and arrest counts (Conrow, Aldstadt, Mendoza, 2015; Gorman, Speer, Gruenewald, Labouvie, 2015; Lipton et al., 2013; White, Gainey, Triplett, 2012; Zhu, Gorman, Horel, 2004). The second variable is the percent vacant houses in neighborhoods. Studies suggest that high number of vacant houses is a robust indicator of neighborhood deterioration (Hannon Cuddy, 2006; Spelman, 1993). The se areas cause criminals to gather around for certain criminal purposes (i.e., drug use, selling, burglary) that foster deviant behavior (Hannon Cuddy, 2006; Newman, 1972). TABLE 2 IS ABOUT HERE The last variable is the neighborhood level concentrated disadvantage which includes four different neighborhood level indicators: percent female headed households , percent rental properties , percent violent crimes , and percent households living under poverty line . Since these variables are highly correlated with each other, we created a measure of â€Å"concentrated disadvantage† by merging them with the function of factor analysis of SPSS 21. TABLE 3 IS ABOUT HERE As presented in Table 3, merging these three variables under one factor is statistically confirmed by the results of the factor analysis. The acceptable value forShow MoreRelatedVariance Is A Statistical Method Used For Test Differences Between Two Or More Independent Groups?1023 Words   |  5 Pagesgroups to make inferences about the population means. The one-way ANOVA, two kinds of variables: independent and dependent. Also, the one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent unrelated groups. As previously mentioned, the one-way ANOVA compares the means of two or more independent groups to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly differentRead MoreThe Relationship Between A Ball And A Harsh Place : A Study Of Black Male Community College Student Athletes And Academic1346 Words   |  6 Pagesplace: A study of Black Male Community College Student-Athletes and Academic Progress, by Horton, Horton, Jr, research was conducted about how black male community college student athletes and the relationship between their ability to do well in school, compared to other non-student athletes. In this article, I will be discussing the different parts of the research process that is used throughout the reading. In the following, I will be discussing; the research question, variables, review of literatureRead MorePeppered Moth Lab Report757 Words   |  5 PagesPeppered Moth: Lab Report Data Table 1: LIGHT colored background Trial # # Black Moths Remaining # White Moths Remaining 1 15 15 2 13 17 3 10 20 4 10 20 5 9 21 Graph 1:LIGHT colored backround Data Table 2: INTERMEDIATE background Trial # # Black Moths Remaining # White Moths Remaining 1 15 15 2 20 10 3 20 10 4 22 8 5 25 5 Graph 2:INTERMEDIATE background Data Table 3: DARK colored background Trial # # Black Moths Remaining # White Moths Remaining 1 15 15 2 20 10 3 21 9 4 23 7 5Read MoreThe Relationship Between Bivariate Correlations And Linear Regression Are Common Methods Of Estimating Association Between Variables, Linear Trend, And1440 Words   |  6 Pages Hiemer, 2009); however, authors have stated that future research will benefit from tests of statistical significance (Lauristen Hiemer, 2009). Bivariate correlations and linear regression are common methods of estimating association between variables, linear trend (slope), and statistical significance in time series data (Baumer Lauristen, 2010; Hashima Finkelhor, 1999; Lauristen, Rezey Heimer, 2013). The many caveats associated with time series data, trend analysis, and linear regressionRead MoreIq And Delinquency : The Differential Detection Hypothesis Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch being conducted in both the previous study and the current study is quantitative and qualitative. The researchers measure numeral amounts (IQ scores) and how they relate to other variables (delinquency) in addition to measuring non-numeral factors (delinquency characteristics) and how they relate to other variables (IQ scores). 2. Discuss the sample. What was the sampling method used? How was the sample selected? What is the sample size? Is the size adequate? How do size and method of selectionRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Community Survey1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrom this research, I’m seeking to claim that the response variable of personal income is influenced by seven explanatory variables; college education, population, unemployment rate, poverty rate and race (share_white, share_black and share_hispanic). In this study, the data analysis has showed a statistical significance on personal income affected by poverty rate and college education of the police victims. The analysis shows population, unemployment rate and race as inconclusive. IntroductionRead MoreThe Violence Among The Black Community And Test One Theory1161 Words   |  5 Pagesthey found that violent behaviors are more common among the African American culture make this study significant. Therefore the researchers are looking to examine the beliefs in violence among the black community and test one the theory of Wolfgang and Ferracuti that violent values are high within the black subculture. Literature Review Before the researchers were able to conduct their research problem, they had study what was already known about the problem and what others in the past have done toRead MoreEarly Intervention And Care Prevention1025 Words   |  5 Pagesaffliction among children results in the loss of over 51 million school hours each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Absence of timely dental visit can result in increased occurrence of oral disease among high-caries risk population (Finlayson, 2014). Early preventive care can reduce extreme disease experiences, disease progression, and average dental related costs (Powell 1998, Savage 2004). Moreover, delay in dental care can result in complications like infection, abscessRead MoreResearch Design : Experimental Results From High-Fidelity Laboratory Simulations?1493 Words   |  6 Pages These are 3 criteria for causality: †¢ Relationships/Correlation: this states that when the independent variable changes, the dependent variable must change as well †¢ Temporal order: this states that change in the independent variable must occur before change in the dependent variable †¢ Non-Spuriousness: this states that some 3rd factor cannot cause change in the independent variable or dependent variable In this particular experiment the criteria for causality were met. When looking at the researchRead MoreThe Patient Population Of Interest Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesto conduct the study with the patient population of interest was secured from the administrator of the health center. Data was collected from January 5th, 2017 to March 5th, 2017. Patients in the waiting room were handed flyer invitation to participate by the researcher, who goes over the contents individually with prospective participants to determine eligibility for the study based on the criteria. The flyer explains the purpose of the study, the population of interest, including how to participate

Peptides and Their Use in Peptide Synthesis free essay sample

Other advantages arise from the stability of a mino acid or peptide esters a s free bases, particularly in allowing their storage and use as such. Comparative stabilities to ethyl esters are reported in s everal examples. T h e synthesis of several t-butyl peptides is reported a s well a s selective removal of this ester group or of amine-protecting groups when both are present. I n recent years naturally occurring peptides with high biological activities in such diverse fields as antibiotics, bacterial growth factors, hormones, smooth muscle stimulants and pain-producing subs tances have been isolated. Synthesis of such peptides has not kept up with structure determination largely because present methods are time-consuming and frequently give poor yields. 2 As p art of an investigation of synthetic methods, the work reported here was directed toward improvements of carboxyl-protecting groups. I t h as been found that t-butyl esters of amino acids and peptides have advantages over the customarily used methyl and ethyl esters. We will write a custom essay sample on Peptides and Their Use in Peptide Synthesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specifically, they are much more stable as the free bases to self-condensation reactions (Table IV) and thus may usually be stored and used as such. This avoids the customary neutralization of hydrohalide alts with bases such as t riethylamine during a peptide synthesis, a complicating procedure which adds to the danger of racemization in sensitive cases a s ell. Â  P erhaps more important, the many side reactions of saponification of peptide csters2 can be avoided since the t-butyl group is readily removed by acid catalysis under mild conditions. In comparison to benzyl esters, t-butyl esters are much more readily removed by acid catalysis and are not affected by hydrogenation in the presence of palladium or platinum. T wo general procedures for the synthesis of a mino acid and peptide t-butyl esters have been nvestigated. I n b oth an amine-protecting group which was subsequently removed was used. In spite of the extra steps necessary it seems likely that the utility of t-butyl esters will make this worth while. T he first method entailed the reaction of silver salts of acylamino acids or acylpeptides with t-butyl iodide (example 1 in Experimental and Table I ). Although this is straightforward, the second method is simpler, gives better yields and is preferable for large-scale reactions. In the latter, acylamino acids or acylpeptides were treated with a large excess of isobutylene in the presence of sulfuric cid or p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The products were isolated by treatment with aqueous alkali (example 2 a nd Table I). The preferred amine-protecting group in this investigation was benzyloxycarbonyl (carbobenzoxy) but others were used (see experimental). T he benzyloxycarbonyl group was removed by hydrogenation and phosphite salts were prepared for purification and characterization. Since phosphorous acid is weak, danger of cleavage of t he t-butyl group was avoided (example 3 and Table 11). I n some cases, phosphite salts were not isolated, but were converted to the free bases (example 4 a nd Table 111). Several peptides were synthesized from amino acid t-butyl esters by the tetraethyl pyrophosphite, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide5and p-nitrophenyl ester6 procedures. Since commonly used amine-protecting groups have varying degrees of sensitivity to removal by acids, selective or simultaneous removal with t-butyl esters is possible. Thus refluxing with p-toluenesulfonic acid in benzene was used to remove selectively t-butyl esters in the presence of benzyloxycarbonyl or trifluoroacetyl groups (examples 6 a nd SB). A stronger acid, hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid, does not affect phthaloyl groups example 11) o r trifluoroacetyl g roups a t 10’ (example SA), but it will simultaneously remove benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butyloxycarbonyl groups along with t-butyl esters (example 15). T he trifluoroacetyl group c an be selectively removed from trifluoroacetylpeptide t-butyl esters ( 1) Presented in part a t the 133rd Meeting of t he American Chemical Society a t San Francisco, Calif. , April, 1 958. D uring preparation of t his manuscript, a brief note o n a mino acid 1-butyl esters appeared (R. . R oeske, C hetnislry I ndustry, S ept. 5 , 1 959). W ( 2) F or a recent review see h l. G oodman and G.

VoIP at Butler University free essay sample

Butler University identified weaknesses in the existing campus communication systems. Chief Information Office (CIO) Scott Kincaid’s identified the need to upgrade or replace the Centrex system as Butler student enrollment and administrative data communication needs had outgrown its usefulness. Arguments for the Centrex system were that users found the system reliability to be beneficial. Once employees have a system that meets their current needs, some are reluctant to go embrace the next step to enhancing job capabilities. The majority of students liked having campus provided email even though 92% had cell phones. Various problems were associated with the existing system but it was not without failure. For no other reason than advances in technology, the current analog system had become outdated and hard to customize. Moving lines was labor intensive with student and administrative shifts. Changes become labor intensive and difficult to perform because not only is the hardware difficult to repair, at a certain point the system will be so antiquated that it won’t be compatible with new vendor technology upgrades outside of Butler. We will write a custom essay sample on VoIP at Butler University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A large amount of administrative time was spent reconciling the current billing system each month showing that again unnecessary labor was a hindrance to efficiency. Changes aren’t without risk and administrative staff viewed merging data and voice networks was viewed as risky. A major concern was regarding the voice quality of VoIP technology. The IT department also knew that network security risks were a concern addressing other data network risk concerns post 9/11. An efficient and flexible integrated emergency notification system was required to remedy this concern. Campus administration also feared virus attacks that commonly affected data networks. Unified communications is a term used to describe a system that integrates call and data communication applications that are interactive and collaborative with real-time and transactional capabilities. Butler hired the Dietrich Lockard Group, a telecommunications-consulting firm, to address the primary issues and needs of the university and to recommend a unified communications solution. To pinpoint the real needs of the university, Dietrich formed an advisory group comprised of administrative staff from a variety of departments around campus who required a high-level of data usage and accuracy from the system. Those departments were admissions, financial services, student life, facilities management, the libraries, and department faculty. The advisory group and technical staff were taught about VoIP and steps that can be taken to mitigate its risks. The strategic plan involving integrating these five goals: improve student communications, improve handling of callers, leverage new services to assist staff and improve training on these systems, remain competitive with other institutions regarding the level of student services offered, and to provide more immediate access to key Butler personnel. The options presented to Butler were to continue with the existing systems and make no changes. Many people find the system reliable. Another solutions would be to continue upgrading the existing system and equipment. Although expensive, IT staff was familiar with the system and, while difficult, upgrades were possible – at least in the near future. Along that line of thinking, an alternative is to continue with the existing system and integrate and independent VoIP for a few selected offices. This would allow Butler to make a small-scale technology change without compromising the entire communications network. The last and most expensive option is to acquire a new in-house PBX system for unified communications. The concern with this option is if Butler were to invest in a new PBX system would it have a limited life? With Dietrich’s guidance, Butler drafted an RFP and put the project out for bid. Vendor selection would be based on the an analysis of the variables effecting choices, the vendor’s ability meet the university’s needs as defined in the RFP, cost, availability of local support once the network was installed, and the vendor’s experience with new VoIP and other enterprise systems. A vendor was selected and a very aggressive implementation schedule was initiated. Staff and students found the changeover simple and the pilot program made training fun. The IT department described the changeover as the â€Å"week from hell†. Phone system registration was labor intensive when each needed to be registered manually. Other problems were malfunctioning equipment, the 2,000 additional phone numbers provided by SBC came up missing and required a 45-day window to fix the problem and food service and the bookstore didn’t have Ethernet wiring. The biggest problem was that department safety alarm wiring was not compatible with new VoIP and the old system needed to be recreated to make them work. My concern with the alarm system was based on 1970’s technology and should have been updated. I would consider the upgrade to be a wise decision on Butler’s choice. Analog systems are antiquated and had they not made the change now, it may have been more costly in the future. Technology integration with outside source such as telecommunications companies and software support for financial and accounting systems. Any department that required data sharing and collaboration, mixed media messaging was at an operational risk had the change-over not been implemented. By converging systems for a unified communication solution, Butler had taken the proactive approach. It wasn’t without unanticipated costs – a new IT staff position was created, and the unforeseen costs to the department alarm system and Ethernet cabling to food services and the bookstore were substantial. What Butler gained was collaborative applications, improved communications and convenience. Having a different call centers around campus, Butler could now examine call records and identify inefficacies within a specific area. The economy of improving these areas will be cost and improved university services. I believe Butler made the correct choice in moving forward with a new system. The only fault I found was in their not revamping the existing alarm system. The problems experienced during the changeover were minimal and solvable without reconstructing the plan. Again, a solid strategic and farsighted plan.